AIPMT All India PMT Syllabus 2012 (BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY) http://aipmt.nic.in

AIPMT All India PMT Syllabus 2012  (BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY) http://aipmt.nic.in

BIOLOGY (BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY)

Unit : 1 Diversity in Living World

Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind

What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids (Botanical gardens, herbaria, museums,

zoological parks); Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature.

Introductory classification of living organisms (Two-kingdom system, Five-kingdom

system); Major groups of each kingdom alongwith their salient features (Monera, including

Archaebacteria and Cyanobacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia); Viruses; Lichens

Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups (Algae to Angiosperms);

Animal kingdom – Salient features of Nonchordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class

level.

Unit : 2 Cell :

The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function

Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi apparatus/Dictyosome,

Lysosomes, Vacuoles); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella;

Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies.

Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal

cells. Cell cycle (various phases); Mitosis; Meiosis.

Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.

Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.

Unit : 3 Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete

dominance; Co-dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles;

Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans.

DNA –its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation; Gene expression and

regulation; DNA fingerprinting.

Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.

Unit : 4 Structure and Function – Plants

Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants;Anatomy and function of root, stem(including modifications), leaf, inflorescence, flower

(including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation), fruit and seed; Types

of fruit; Secondary growth;

Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell)

and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of

stomatal movement.

Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro-nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders;

Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism.

Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; Various

pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors .

Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport

system; Energy relations.

Unit : 5 Structure and Function - Animals

Tissues;

Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of

earthworm, cockroach and frog.

Human Physiology – Digestive system - organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system

– organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood,

lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery

diseases.

Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function

Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement.

Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of

neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands;

Mechanism of hormone action.

Unit : 6 Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants

Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction - Development of male and female

gametophytes; Pollination (Types and agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo,

endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and apomixis).

Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed

dormancy, germination and movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photoperiodism; Vernalisation; Various types of movements.

Unit : 7 Reproduction and Development in Humans

Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation;

Implantation; Embryo development; Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and

contraception.

Unit : 8 Ecology and Environment

Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche.

Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere); Characteristics of Species,

Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax.Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web;

Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem.

Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic

and desert habitats.

Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies (Biosphere reserves, National parks

and Sanctuaries)

Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution (sources and major pollutants); Global

warming and Climate change; Ozonedepletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution;

Methods of pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation); Deforestation; Extinction

of species (Hot Spots).

Unit : 9 Biology and Human Welfare

Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control.

Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses,

protozoans and helminths, and their control.

Cancer; AIDS.

Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse;

Basic concepts of immunology.

Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.

Biofertilisers (green manure, symbiotic and free-living nitrogen-fixing microbes,

mycorrhizae);

Biopesticides (micro-organisms as biocontrol agents for pests and pathogens); Bioherbicides;

Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special reference to rust and smut of

wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root - knot of

vegetables.

Bioenergy – Hydrocarbon - rich plants as substitute of fossil fuels.

Unit : 10 Biotechnology and its Applications

Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology;

Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes,

antibiotics), sewage treatment and energy generation.

Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and

other methods, regeneration of recombinants.

Applications of R-DNA technology. In human health –Production of Insulin, Vaccines and

Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy. In Industry – Production of expensive

enzymes, strain improvement to scale up bioprocesses. In Agriculture – GM crops by

transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt

crops.